宏观摄影的7种便宜的方式ayx大小

相关课程： 宏Magic

曾经想深入进入ayx大小? Then you’ve probably come across gear recommendations. And you might have been put off by the sum you’d need to invest in it.

If you’re planning on doing advanced level macro photography in the long run, acquiring professional-grade gear is a good idea. But for everything else, there are a lot more options.

在本文中，我将通过七（+1）提示，以拍摄预算的宏观摄影。ayx大小这些技术或齿轮推荐为您提供了一个坚实的起点。他们是经济实惠的。然而，您仍然能够与他们实现迷人的特写和宏观照片。

[读者支持专家的照片。Expertphotography上的产品链接是推荐链接。如果你使用其中一个并买东西我们会赚一点钱。需要更多信息？看看如何在这里工作。]

What You’ll Need

For all the of the following methods, you’ll need aninterchangeable lens camera.两个都DSLR.沙mirrorless cameras是合适的。

我们建议使用具有广泛的第三方支持的系统。这意味着许多公司为它制作配件。这显着降低了项目的成本。例如，您可以为佳能EF安装架找到更便宜的延伸管，而不是Pentax K.

This, of course, only applies if you have equipment from more brands, or haven’t yet bought a camera. Otherwise, use what you have; there are no restrictions. In today’s article, I’m using Canon EF cameras, both全帧和作物。

For every tip, I will note what extra accessories you’ll need to acquire. All of them are inexpensive, not exceeding a couple of hundred bucks in total.

首先，让我们讨论什么特写镜头和宏观摄影ayx大小, and magnification are.

什么是特写镜头摄影？

Close-up photography is the broadest term we’ll be wandering in. It consists of all sorts of photography involving capturing subjects from a close distance. It’s all about seemingly enlarging, emphasizing them.

紧张的肖像，镜头flowers, detailednature photographsare all close-up photographs. But they are not macro photographs –宏有一个相当具体的定义。

General close-up photography doesn’t require extra gear – you’re probably taking such shots day-to-day. In many ways, its rules are similar to those of macro photography, although not so strict.

什么是宏观摄影？ayx大小

宏photography has various definitions. According to the most common one, the subject appears inlife-size magnification（或更大）处于宏观情况。

放大率是指的比例objectand its图像在光学系统中。

When you focus closer, magnification increases. It’s largest at the lens’最小焦点距离（MFD）。由于MFD具有物理限制，但倍率也有限制。

最多non-macro lenses have a maximum ratio between 1:6-1:8. It can also be expressed as a single number, which is more common. You divide the two – 0.12x is identical to 1:8.

宏lensesand equipment are all about increasing magnification by different methods.

Life-size magnification is the ratio of 1:1, where image and object size are identical. At 1:1, the image on the sensor has the same size as the real thing.

When you increase it further, you start to实际上放大器 - 在传感器上比现实生活更大。

这会如何影响你的装备？

General-purpose lenses are not capable of reaching 1:1. Most are not even close.

正如我之前提到的那样，它通常限制在1：6左右。放大率1：6足以框架较小的动物或紧密肖像。

了解您的设备至关重要 - 您的一些镜头可能更有能力。

例如，佳能和尼康的18-55mm套件镜片表现良好，达到1：3。一些其他镜片包括松下G Vario 14-140mm ois，佳能24-70mm f / 4是。尝试Dpreview的镜头功能搜索查看所有选项。

如果你的意图只是特写，那么你很高兴。但对于任何更大的东西，你需要修改。

因此，让我们找到廉价的方式来增加放大和改善宏观摄影的方式。ayx大小

提高宏观摄影套件的七种廉价方式ayx大小

7. Use a Screw-On Diopter Lens

一个非常方便的选择是使用螺丝diopter filter。这些工作与紫外线过滤器类似 - 您将其拧在镜头的前螺纹中，您很高兴。与紫外线过滤器不同，它们不平坦。

Instead, they arePlano-Convex.lenses. This means that the lens is flat on one side, and spherical (convex) on the other.

您可以在不同的强度水平中获得它们，通常在一个包中更多。他们最好是适度使用的，而不是比+2.5更远。有+10屈光滤波器有选项，但它们的质量非常有问题。我建议避免他们。我还建议从名誉制造商。

屈光度镜片的缺点是不言而喻的。它们加入了镜头的光学系统，阻碍了其细致的设计。由于它们由单块玻璃组成，因此没有校正元件。

这导致了这一点increased aberrations，特别是朝向边缘的色差。制造商可以用涂料纠正这一点，但他们不能做奇迹。

另一方面，屈光度非常有效，同时保持小。它们很便宜，不要为镜头增添很大的重量。镜头的物理长度与屈光度大致相同。因此，它们不会缩短与延伸管一样多的工作距离。

They are especially powerful when attached totelephoto lenses。Their effect is not diminished by longer焦距在最接近的关注时。当关注最远的地方（可能仍然是宏）时，它甚至放大了。

Calculations

Let’s see the math for calculating Minimum Focus Distance when a diopter is attached, and focusing is at closest possible.

新的最小焦距：nmfd（以米为单位！）
Original Minimum Focus Distance: MFD (in metres!)
Diopter Strength: D

nMFD = MFD / (D * MFD + 1)

假设您有一个佳能EF 85mm F / 1.8镜头，其最小焦距为0.85米。这是宏的理想焦距，但0.85米很远。所以，在镜头上拧紧3倍屈光度。让我们将其插入公式：

nMFD = 0.85 / (3*0.85 + 1) = 0.23

因此，新的最小焦距为0.23米，即23厘米。如果您将85划分为23，您会发现它的增加3.7倍。

Magnification, too, is increased by the same ratio. Originally it was 0.13x. Now it’s 0.48x. Still not ‘real’ macro, but much closer.

However, this particular 85mm lens is not ideal for converting to macro. If you choose a lens with better default magnification, you can easily reach 1:1 with diopters.

在三脚架设置的一个dslr拍摄咖啡豆的宏观照片 — A +2 diopter on our Panasonic GH5 and 12-35 f/2.8 lens. Not quite macro on its own, but helps

Note:Wikipedia’s article在特写镜头上是准确和理解的。如果您想了解屈光度背后的实际物理，请检查出来。

Recommendations

If you’re aiming for the very cheapest, thisvivitar屈光度套装is an ideal choice. It comes in different 4 strengths: +1, +2, +4, and +10. Of these, +10 is basically useless, but the others are fairly good performers.

Invest in a bit more, and you can get aHoya setof +1, +2, and +3. It’s probably the best set out there. Still, expect some loss in image quality.

请记住，两个具有52mm前线的镜头（例如，佳能40毫米煎饼镜片）。它们不适合其他镜头。检查您的线程大小并相应选择。

6.使用延长管

Extension tubesare another popular choice. They are hollow tubes that you place between your camera and your lens.

You can get them in different lengths, usually 12mm, 20mm/25mm, and 36mm. Their two types are manual and electronic tubes. Only choose manual if you’re shooting with a fully manual lens – you can’t control electronic lenses otherwise.

它们通过增加焦距而不会在镜片的光学结构中增加焦距。这涉及权衡，也具有很大的优势。

Let’s start with the tradeoffs.

用管，你增加焦距虽然不会按比例增加孔径直径。这意味着相对孔径（你的F-STOP.，比率焦距and diameter) decreases. So, some light is lost.

此外，增加的焦距要求透镜中的更多分辨率（清晰度）。除非您使用略微柔软的镜头，否则您可能不会注意到这一点。

现在，让我们提及他们的其他方法。

延伸管是可堆叠的，而无需担心显着的质量损失。它们只会增加间距，略微降低清晰度，但不会扭曲。

Unlike diopters, they don’t introduce extrachromatic aberration。它们仅放大镜头的现有像差。好消息是，大多数镜头都有更多的CA朝向图像角。那些角落是由管子“裁剪”的。

Calculations

延长管有利于物理尺寸和焦距的镜头较短。

The following formula is concluded from the thin lens formula. It is thus a simplified calculation. The results are not 100% accurate, especially with complex zoom or internal-focus lenses (most 70-200 f/2.8 lenses are both, for example). However, you’ll most likely use extension tubes with less complex primes, such as a 50mm f/1.8.

New Magnification = nM
原始放大镜头= m
管的总长度= t（以mm为单位）
镜片偏心长度= f（以mm为单位）

nm = m + t / f

让我们假设你有两个镜头，100毫米和50毫米。两者都有0.2倍的默认放大率。

添加20mm延长管将使50mm的放大率增加到0.6倍。同时，将相同的20mm管添加到100mm镜头上仅将其延伸至0.4倍。

因此，我们建议使用带有较短素数的管。在此帖子中，您将使用佳能40mm f / 2.8煎饼镜头来看到我。该镜头是与管一起使用的理想选择。这是微小的，并且没有太短但不是太短的焦距。它为一个非常方便和廉价的宏观镜头。

注意：我们有一个单独的文章用管计算放大倍数，具有更多的计算和现实生活的例子。

Recommendations

以下是佳能EF Mount的延长管套，这就是我们目前使用的。如果您有不同的系统，请选择适合您的管子。

最便宜的电子产品之一sets available is from Acouto。它具有一款非常质稠的设计，但它具有金属架，令人惊讶的是。释放按钮也是金属，虽然不是最好的建筑。

如果您正在寻找长期使用的坚固管，我们推荐kenko dg集。It utilises much better materials, fits tightly, and its buttons feel nicer.

We don’t advise buying expensive tube sets from the camera manufacturers. As there are no glass elements inside, non-native sets don’t obstruct quality. Electronic contacts are just pins and wires – no difference here either. However, choosing a solidly built set is vital.

在三脚架上的佳能DSLR配有宏观摄影的延长管ayx大小 — Extension tubes are an essential part of our favourite inexpensive kit. Read on to learn more about the kit

5.使用宏观波纹管

A宏观波纹管与延长管非常类似。关键差异是您可以在飞行中更改扩展量，而无需交换管。

您也可以直接将其安装到三脚架上，提供更好的平衡。您将能够更轻松地更换机构和镜头。

但是，我们找不到传输电子信号的任何波纹管（至少用于EF安装）。它是一个独立的和弦，但没有人创造它（这是一个利基填补！）。

So, you’ll have to use手动镜头。With modern glass, you’ll have to set the aperture electronically before attaching your lens to the bellows. It’s not at all convenient.

You can calculate the increase in magnification with the same formula as extension tubes.

We recommend thisFotodiox Bellows.。它建成良好，允许精确控制。

4.使用Teleconverter

这是'使用你拥有的典型情况。我不建议购买teleconverter对于宏观ayx大小摄影。它们是昂贵的，而不是那么有效。

However, if you’ve got one, you can utilise it to get a bit closer.

大多数电视频道不适合较短的镜头。因此，将其与延长管相结合。将电信逆变器连接到相机。然后，将管子安装到电信转换器，并用镜头完成设置。

Teleconverters通过评级增加放大（所以，2倍让您接近两倍）。他们也增加了工作距离。

很明显,你将失去光明。相对aperture (f-stop) will decrease with the converting factor. So, if you use a 2x teleconverter, your aperture decreases by two stops.

3. Reverse Your Lens

这是一种有争议的技术，但无疑是有用的。

Take a non-macro lens. Find an adapter that converts the filter thread of your lens into a lens mount. Then, put it on your camera using the new mount.

达到的放大倍数从镜头到透镜变化。没有一般的公式来计算它。最重要的是取决于焦距。最佳最佳的镜头是广角快速素数。

效果类似于延伸管。最多wide-angle lenseshave a longer distance between their point of convergence (POC) and their front element than between the POC and the lens mount. You can see these distances in blue and orange on the graphic.

我们知道焦距是传感器和POC之间的距离。

So, let’s reverse the lens. What was previouslybeforepoc去了在后面它。这意味着较长（图中的蓝色）距离变为焦距的一部分。结果，焦距增加。

倒车套装镜头和延伸管 - 有一些有趣的照明 — Our reversed kit lens and an extension tube – with some fun lighting

您可以实现巨大的放大倍数，尽管质量有所降低。这是我们的18-55mm镜头的镜头，在18mm末端（这里是这里的长尾）。我也添加了31毫米的管。

This is athumbtack。放大率约为4倍。

Recommendations

This technique is best and cheapest if you get an old, manual wide-angleprime。When you reverse the lens, electronic contact to the camera is ceased. This makes setting the aperture a painful process. Without a dedicated aperture ring, you have to remove the lens every time you want to adjust the aperture.

可以购买通过单独的和弦传输电信号的适配器。Movo manufactures one。它非常出色，可靠，坚固，但您必须为此付出更高的价格。

因此，如果您要更便宜，请购买复古镜头和手动反转适配器。这个is for 58mm-threaded lenses. The Takumar 28mm f/3.5 lens is a great choice, with a 58mm thread and good image quality. You can reach a magnification of around 2.5x with this setup on a DSLR.

2.使用作物传感器相机

这可能听起来很奇怪作物传感器通常表示将子PASP质量与全帧。这在某种程度上是真的，但是当有足够的光线时，或者您有高质量的镜头，它会减少。

ayx大小在大多数情况下，宏观摄影需要额外的光源。因此，差异变得可忽略不计。

作物传感器对预算宏观摄影有优势。ayx大小他们的作物因素影响了焦距，但不是最小的聚焦距离！

这意味着即使真正的放大率保持不变，它们看似将宏观的主体更接近。

让我们假设您将使用相同的镜头和1.6倍裁剪相机和全框架拍摄相同的镜头和设置。裁剪传感器的图像似乎比我们刚刚裁剪了更多的放大了1.6倍。

如果您只有幸运的情况，只有全框架装备，您可能会考虑购买廉价的作物。我们使用A.佳能1300d.在我们的工作室，偶尔是一个7D MKII.。两者都是宏观摄影的伟大表演者。ayx大小

1.获得廉价的戒指或闪光灯

宏photography is not all about magnification. Whether you use natural or artificial light, its amount and quality are at least as important.

最好的选择是一个环。一个环李ght attaches to the front of your lens, directly illuminating your macro subject from all sides. It gives soft, consistent light that you can use on its own or combine with other sources.

The ring flash made by Canon costs almost as much as a dedicated macro lens. But it’s by far not the only option.

We’ve got a永诺yn-14exin our studio. Its build quality is not the best (we could not close the battery door after a while), but the light itself is genuinely excellent. It’s on par with Canon’s offering.

If you’re only shooting macro occasionally, this is much easier to justify buying. It will increase the quality of your macro photographs drastically.

+ 1：使用闪光灯和其他光源

作为替代品戒指, you can use your existing flash. Be sure to attach a smallsoftbox., though. It will provide a more balanced light with more adjustment options.

如果您的镜头设置不会太长，则可以将其安装在相机上。您还可以在侧面使用它。这将为镜头提供更多的维度。反过来，您可能会努力点亮最靠近镜头的零件。

Be aware of喇叭花，也。一些镜片易于来自侧面的光。测试镜头以确保它可以处理这种情况。您也可以在您的镜头中包含耀斑 - 这是您的创造性决定。

您也可以使用常量光 - 这也会有很多帮助聚焦。

Photo of a camera macro photography setting — 使用您已经创造性的灯

我最喜欢的廉价宏设置

We’ve discussed the components to achieve a working macro kit on a budget. Now, let’s build it!

这个套件包括：

A佳能1300d.crop-sensor DSLR camera,
36mm和20mm电子延长管(I’ve used my Soligor set; they are the same product as the Kenko set, just rebranded),
A佳能40mm f / 2.8 stmpancake lens,
A.永诺yn-14ex环闪光灯。